|
nhsn,h" l=¾wdkh
iy úoHdj
fuu fmd;a
msxfpys u úiska bosßm;a lsÍug fhfok wjidk ud;Dldjg wm oeka t<U we;' fuysoS kQ;k
úoHdj iu. l=¾wdkfha iy nhsn,fha tk lreKq ixikaokh lsÍug uu leue;af;ñ'
ueùu
úYajfha ueùu ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍfïoS úoHdj yd wd.ñl .%ka:hka w;r
jQ iudk;d yd mriamr úfrdaë;d wm fï jk úg i,ld n,d yudrh' tysoS l=¾wdkh yd kQ;k
úoHdj w;r jQ tlÕ;djhka" nhsn,fha i|yka lreKq j, we;s ms<s.; fkdyels Ndjh;a .ek
uu meyeos,sju wjOdrKh lf<ñ'
nhsn,fha tk uejqï iïnkaO fldgia rpkd lrk ,oafoa ls%ia;=mQ¾j yhjk ishjfiys úiQ
mQcljrhka úiska neúka fuh mqÿuhg lreKla fkdfõ'
fuh ye|skaùug —ieifvdag,a˜ fyj;a —mQcljrh˜ hk jHjydrh ks< jYfhka fhdod .ekSug
fhÿfka fï fya;=fjks' fuys tk l:d u.ska fmfkkqfha th ìysjqfha ñksiqka —in;a˜
fyj;a i;sfha uq,a osk wd.ñl j;djkaj, fhoSu iïnkaOj wkqYdikd lsÍu Wfoid ilia
flreKq O¾u foaYKdjlska njhs' fuu l:dj f.d;d we;af;a o¾YKhkag ksh; wjidkhla ;nñka
jk w;r —ä jqlaia˜ msh;=ud ^fcrei,fï msysá nhsn,a mdif,a m%Odkshd f,i lghq;= l<&
mjik mßos fuu wka;h wksjd¾H jYfhkau kS;HdKql=, jQjls'
nhsn,fhys —hyaúiaܘ wkqjdofhys óg jvd l=vd iy merKs uejqï ms<sn| l:djl fuu úIhh
iïnkaOfhka óg yd;amiskau fjkiajQ fldaKhlska lreKq ú.%y flf¾' fïjd W;am;a;s
fmdf;ys Pentateuch fyda
Torah ys m<uq jk
W;am;a;s fmdf;ka ,ndf.k we;' fudaiia fuy l;=jrhd f,i ie,flk kuqÿ wo wmg olakg
,efnkqfha úúO úYd, fjkialï j,g Ndckh jQ ixialrKhka muKs'
nhsn,fha —W;am;a;s˜ fmdf;ys tk —mQcl wkqjdohka˜ wdoï fj;g kej; .ukalrk
ys;=jlaldr mrïmrdjla iïnkaOj m%isoaêhla Wiq,k w;r" th lsisfjl= ie,ls,a,g .kq
fkd,nk l:djls' ta flfia jQjo" —Y=NdrxÑfhys˜ l;Djreka jk ue;sjQ iy ¨la úiska fïjd
kej; bosßm;a lr we;' fcaiq ;=ukaf.a mrïmrdj hï;dla ÿrg jpkfhka jpkhgu bosßm;a lr
we;' ue;sõ ys fuh Bn%dySï ;=ud olajd úysfok w;r ¨la ys th wdoï ;=ud olajd
úysfoa' uu rpkdjka úoHd;aulj ms<s.; fkdyels tajdh' fuhg fya;=j jkafka Tjqka
úiska olajkq ,nk ñksid fmd<j u; my, jQ oskh iy mDÓúfha jhi .ek woyia" kQ;k
úoHdfõ b;d meyeos,s ksiel fidhd.ekSï yd iïmQ¾Kfhkau mriamr úfrdaë ùuhs' fujeks
osk m%ldY lsÍï l=¾wdkfha olakg fkd,efí'
óg by;oS úYajh iïnkaO f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsÍfuys,d l=¾wdka kQ;k úoHdj yd fl;rï
fyd|ska .e,fmaoehs wms ÿgqfjuq' ;jo nhsn,fha tk úia;r wkQj oelafjk wdosl,ams;
c,h iïnkaO lreKq fyda wdf,dalh ksmojkq ,nk ;drld ueùug m%:u m<uq oskfha wdf,dalh
we;s lsÍu fyda fmd<j iEoSug fmr tla ikaOHdjla iy WoEikla mej;a nj i|yka lsÍu"
m<uqj 3 jk oskfhaoS mDÓúh ujd bkamiq 4 jk oskfhaoS iQ¾Hhd ueùu yd 5 jk osk wyfia
l=re,a,ka we;s lsÍfuka wk;=rej 6 jk osk fmd<j u; isõmdjqka we;s lsÍu hkdoS
fndfyda lreKq j,ska fmfkkqfha tajdfha we;s jeros wkqms<sfj<hs' fï ish¿u j.ka;Ska
nhsn,h ieliq wjêfha ñksiqka ;=< ;snQ úYajdihkaf.a m%;sM,h f,i iEÿKq tajd
yefrkakg fjk lsisÿ w¾:hla tajdfhys wvx.= fkdfõ'
mdÓúfha jhi
nhsn,fha we;s iajNdjh ms<sn| lreKq u; mokï jQ hqfoõ osk o¾YKhg
wkQj iaÒrju mjikqfha wog mDÓúfha jhi jir 5738 la njhs' kuq;a fuh lsisu whqrlska
fyda ms<s.; yelalla fkdfõ' wmf.a fi!r.%y uKav,h wdikak jYfhka jir ì,shk 4'25 l
jhilska hqla; jk w;r uq,au ñksid f,dj my< jQ ld,h f,i wo olakg ,efnk mßos wju
jYfhka woska jir 10000 lg fmrhehs úYajdi lrkq ,efí' l=¾wdkfha mDÒúfha jhi fyda
ñksid f,dj my, jQ oskh .ek lsisÿ i|ykla fkdflfrk w;r th nhsn,hgu muKla ,dCIKsl
jQjls'
.xj;=r
fojkqj nhsn,h yd l=¾wdkh iei|Sug fhdÞ.; yels ;j;a b;d jeo.;a
ud;Dldjla kï tajdfha tk —uyd c,.e,au˜ ms<sn| úia;rhkah' nhsn,fha fï .ek flfrk
i|yka tlsfklg fjkia jQ isoaëka 2la tlalr oelaùuls' nhsn,fha oelafjk mßos fuh uq¿
f,dalhgu fmdÿ jQ .xj;=rla jQ th o< jYfhka bn%dySï ;=udf.a ld,fhka jir 300 lg
fmroS we;sjqKs' wm bn%dySï kì ;=uka .ek okakd lreKq wkQj fuu uyd f,dal úkdYh
isÿjQfha ls%' mQ' 21 jk yd 23 jk Y; j¾I w;r ;=r ld,hloSh' fï wkQj wo wm i;=j
we;s ft;sydisl o;a; mokï lrf.k nhsn,fha tk fuu l:dj ms<s.; fkdyelalla f,i
ie,lSug isÿfõ'
Bcsma;=fõ uOHu rdcOdksh ;=< tfldf,diajk rdc fm<m; wdrïN ùug fmrd;=j mej;S m%:u
wka;¾udOH ld,h f,i o< jYfhka .efkk ls%' mQ' 21 jk ishji fyda ls%' mQ' 22 jk
ishjfiaoS f,dal úkdYhla u.ska ish¿ YsIaGdpdr ñysu;ska ;=rka jQ nj wm úYajdi
lrkafka flfiao@
fï jljdKqj ;=<oS uq¿ ñksia ixy;shu ñysu;ska ;=rka jQ nj ft;sydisl jYfhka ms<s.;
fkdyelalls' kQ;k úoHdjg wkQjo fuu úia;rhka ish,a, m%;sfCIam fõ' fï wkQj i,ld n,k
úg nhsn,h yd l=¾wdkh w;r we;s w;s úYd, mr;rh wmg uek.; yelsjkq we;'
nhsn,fhys fuka fï uyd .xj;=r f,dal úkdYhla f,i y÷kajd fkdfok l=¾wdkh th kQya
^wff,& ;=udf.a ñksiqka i|yd muKla iSudiys; jQjla njg lreKq olajhs' kQyaf.a
ñksiqka iy wfkl=;a Nla;shlska f;dr jq wfoajjdoSka yd ÿIaG mqoa.,hska ish,af,dau
Tjqkaf.a mjq,g ksis o~qjï ,enQy' jdia;= úoHd;aul jYfhka fyda ft;sydisl jYfhka
fyda fuu l=¾wdkSh l:djg mgyeks lsisÿ idOlhla wmg oel.; fkdyel'
f*afrdaya
;=kajeksj ;j;a w;sYh jeo.;ajQ lreKla jk fudaiiaf.a l:dj i,ld
n,uq' hqfoõjka Bcsma;=fjka kslau hEu .ek kslauhdu" kï nhsn,fha mßÉfPaoh weiqßka
idlÉPd lruq' fuyoS ud yg fuu lreK hgf;a bosßm;a l< yelafla udf.a wOHhkhkaf.a
ixCIsma;hla muKs' nhsn,fha yd l=¾wdkfha tk lreKq w;r we;s tlsfklg .e,fmk lreKq
iy tlsfklg mgyeks lreKq fuysoS wjOdkhg fhduqúh' tfiau fuysoS fuu .%ka: fol
tlsfkl yd m%fhdackj;a jk wdldrhlska W!KmQrKh lrk wjia:do ug olakg ,enqKs'
f*afrdajrekaf.a b;sydifha —kslauhdu˜ g wÞ, jk ft;sydisl ld, jljdKqj ms<sn|j we;s
fndfyda l,ams;hka w;=ßka jvd;au fhda.H ld,h f,i uúiska f;dard.kq ,enqfha
—fu¾fkma;dya˜ yd —fojk rfïiiaf.ka˜ miq md,k n,h ,o kslauhdfuys i|yka jk
f*afrdaf.a iuhhs'
P.Montet úiska rÑ;
—Bcsma;=j yd nhsn,h˜ kï fmdf;ys fuh oelafõ'
(Delachaux & Niestle,France
1959&
.%ka: foflys i|yka lreKq i,ld ne,SfïoS jdia;= úoHd;aul idCISka by; Wml,amkh
;yjqre lsÍug wkqn, fokq ,nhs' nhsn,fha we;s lreKq wkQj fudaiia f*afrdaf.a ld,h
;=< úiQ njg iCIs ork njg fuysoS i|yka lrkq leu;af;ñ' fufia" fojk rfïiiaf.a md,k
iuh ;=< Wm; ,nkakg we;' tneúka nhsn,fha tk o;a; fudaiiaf.a l:dj iïnkaOfhka
jeo.;a ft;sydisl jákdlulska hq;= tajdhs' fu¾fkma;dyaf.a fnfy;a .,ajd wdrCId lrk
,o u,ñKsh ^u$ñh& iïnkaOj isÿl< ffjoH m¾fhaIKj,ska Tyqf.a urKhg fya;= jQ lreK
ms<sn|j m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re fy<sorõ ù we;'
^fnfy;a .,ajd wdrCId lrk ,o fojk rfïiiaf.a mq;=j —fu¾fkma;dyaf.a˜ u< isrer
Loret úiska 1898 oS
—;Síia˜ ys msysá rcjrekaf.a ksïkh kï ia:dkfhaoS fidhd.kq ,en —lhsfrda˜ kqjrg
f.kf.dia" —t,shÜ iañ;a˜ úiska Tyqf.a isrer 1907'07'08 osk újD; lr mÍCId lrk ,oS'
fuu mÍCIKfha iúia;r igykla Tyq úiska rÑ; "The Royel
Mummies" fmdf;ys i|yka fõ'&
fuu f*afrda uuh wo wm i;=ùfuka wmg b;d jeo.;a f;dre;=re thska imhd .; yels fõ'
nhsn,fha fudyq uqyqfoa .s,aùfuka ñh.sh nj i|yka lrk kuqÿ bkamiqj Tyqf.a uD;
Yírhg l=ula isÿjQfhao hkak .ek lsisjla i|yka fkdlrhs' l=¾wdkfha —hQkqia˜
mßÉfPaofhaoS f*afrdaf.a u, isrer c,fhka f.dv.;a nj i|yka fõ'
—wo osk uu Tnf.a u,ñKsh rCId lr ;nkafkñ' tneúka iuyr úg th Tn miqmi Tfí uf.ys
.shjqkg fyd| i<l=Kla jkq we;'˜
^Y=( l=¾wdkh 10- 92&
u< isrer mÍCI l< ffjoHjrekaf.a woyi wkQj fuu isrer c,fha fndfyda fõ,d /|S
fkd;snQ njla i|yka lrhs' ula ksido h;a" jeäl,la c,fha .s,S mej;Sfuka we;sjk
CIhùhdfï ,CIK lsisjla tu foayfha fkd;snqKq neúks' fuysoS o l=¾wdkfha tk lreKq
kQ;k úoHd;aul oekqu yd lsisÿ mriamr úfrdaë;djhla b;d iq¿fjka fyda fkdolajhs'
fuu tlÕ;djh l=¾wdkh iïnkaOfhka muKlau jq iqúfYaI;djhls' kuq;a úoHd;au weiska n,k
úg nhsn,fha olakg ,efnk idjoH lreKq fya;= lrf.k hqfojq" ls%ia;shdks my<ùï olajk
wd.ñl .%ka:hkays msysá ffki¾.sl jákdlu th wysñlr ,Sug fyda th wmlS¾;shg meñKùug
wms woyia fkdlruq' tfiau ud fuysoS úfõpkhg ,lalrk ,oafoa iïmQ¾K .%ka:hu fkdj tys
we;s we;eï fldgia muKs' nhsn,fhao ft;sydisl jYfhka jákd fldgia we;=,;a jk nj
fuys,d i|yka lrKq leue;af;ñ' udf.a —nhsn,h" l=¾wdkh yd úoHdj˜ kï fmdf;ys
fudaiiaf.a cSú; ld,h iïnkaOj nhsn,fha tk ksjeros ft;sydisl yqjd olajd we;'
fufia fuu Y=oaO .%ka:fhys yd kQ;k oekqfuys fjkialï mej;Sug fya;=j wo fndfyda
W.;=kg fkdryils' nhsn,fha merKs fj¿u ^merKs f;ia;fïka;=j& fndfyda fjkiaùï j,g
n÷ka jQjla jk w;ru th mqrd Y; j¾I 9 l ld,hla uq¿,af,a rÑ; f,aLK iuQyhl tl;=jlska
iukaú; jkakls' fuys fjkialï we;slÍu i|yd we;sjQ ñksia odhl;ajh nhsn,fha
lemSfmfkk ,CIKhls'
l=¾wdkh my<ùu iïnkaO ft;sydisl l:dj óg jvd yd;amiskau fjkia jQjls' wm fï jk úg
okakd mßos l=¾wdkh m%:u j;djg ñksidg my< jQ fudfydf;a mgkau th lgmdvï u;lfha
r|jd.;a w;r" uqyïuoa kì ^i,a& ;=udf.a cSú; ld,h we;=,oSu th ,shd ;nk ,oS' fï
fya;=fjka l=¾wdkfha j,x.= Ndjh ms<sn| lsisÿ m%Yakhla wo wmg mek fkdk.S'
fï uq¿ fmd;a msxp mqrdu bosßm;a lrk ,o lreKq ish,a, wkQj meyeos,s jkafka l=¾wdkh
úIh uQ,slj yd wmCImd;Sj" kQ;k oekqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k mÍCId lsÍfïoS" kQ;k úoHdj yd
l=¾wdkh meyeos,sju tlÕ;djhla olajk njhs' ;jo uqyïuoa kì ^i,a& ;=udf.a wjêfha
mej;s oekqu uÜgu .ek i,ld n, l<" Tyq fuu fmdf;ys l;D hehs lsisf,ilskq;a ms<s.;a
fkdyel' fï wkQj i,ld ne,SfïoS l=¾wdkh wfkl=;a wd.ñl yd wd.ñl fkdjk .%ka: w;r
wk.s ia:dkhla ysñlr .kakd w;r fuh fN!;sl fyda øjHd;aul fya;= idOl u; mokï lrf.k
meyeos<s l< fkdyels nj wmCImd;S úoHd{hka úiska ms<s.kq ,efí' fujeks lreKq ud
fuysoS I;=áka Tn yuqfõ ;nkafka l=¾wdkh ñksia meyeos,s lsÍï j,g wjHdc f,i
wNsfhda. flfrk neúka wm bosßfha we;af;a tlu úl,amhla muKs' tkï l=¾wdkh ksiel
jYfhkau foúhka jykafia úiska fuf,dj my, lrjk ,oaola hkak ms<s.ekSuh'
miq jok
wo f,dj mj;sk
kdkd m%ldr .%ka: w;=ßka w;s úYsYaG;u .%ka:h l=¾wdkh hehs hful= mejiqjfyd;a th
lsisfjl=g;a fya;= idOl iys;j m%;sfCIam l< fkdyelalls' mshù weig fkdfmfkk
mrudKqj" ñksia l<<h jeks wxY= ud;% jia;=kaf.a mgka ;drld moaO;s yd úYajh n÷ uyd
jia;=ka ms<sn|j jQ w;sYhskau ksjeros lreKq j,ska iukaú; jkakdjQ Y=oaO jQ l=¾wdkh
fï ñysu; we;s w;s úYsIaG;u .%ka:h njg lsisÿ ielhla ke;' th idudkH ñksia
ks¾udKhla fkdj foaj jokla ùu fuu úYsIaG;djhg fya;= fõ' bia,duhs ms<sn|j jegySula
fkdue;af;l=g fuu lshuk tlajru ms<s.; fkdyelalla jkq we;' ^wkH ,íêlfhl=j isg uuo
jfrl fuu w;aoelSug uqyqK mEfjñ& tkuq;a fuu fmd;a msxp lshùfuka iy fuys wjidkfha
bosßm;a lr we;s l=¾wdkSh j.ka;Ska f;areï .ekSfuka miqj ´kEu mqoa.,fhl= th foaj
jokla nj ms<s.ekSug ue,s fkdjkq we;' ta lsisÿ idCIshla fkdue;sj jQjo" l=¾wdkfha
we;s w;s úfYaI thgu wdfõKsl jq ffY,sh .ek is;Sfuka muKla jQjo th idudkH ñksia
jokla fkdjk njg ´kEu wfhl=g myiqfjka jgyd .; yel' ñksia idys;H b;sydih .ek i,ld
n,k l< úúO hq.hkaysoS úúO ck iudchka ;=< ks¾udKh jQ ish¿ ,sms f,aLK .%ka: wdoS
ish,a,lau ta hq.hg yd tu iudchg wdfõKsl jQ tlu lemSfmfkk ffY,shla mj;sk nj fmkS
hhs' tfia jQjo l=¾wdkfha we;s NdId ffY,sh fyda l:d ffY,sh th ks¾ñ; hq.fha ;nd
tod isg wo olajd ìysjQ lsisÿ .%ka:hl ffY,shla yd iei|sh fkdyels jQ ta ish,af,kau
fjkajQ wuq;=u wdrl mqia:lhls' tneúka l=¾wdkh jkdys ksiel jYfhkau osjHuh
.%ka:hls'
lsisÿ wd.ula oyula fkd woykafkl= jQjo" ieu ñksfil=u úoHd;aul ks¾udKhla ms<sn|j
yd kQ;k úoHdj ms<sn|j b;d by,ska ie,lSug wo mqreÿù isà' tjka iufhl kQ;k úoHdj yd
fuu w;súYsIaG .%ka:h ms<sn| ixikaokd;aul ú.%yhla lsÍu we;a; jYfhkau hq.fha
wjYH;djhls' flfia jQjo wm fuysoS f;areï .; hq;= ;j;a tla jeo.;a lreKla kï
l=¾wdkh hkq úoHd w;a fmd;la fkdj iqúfYaI wd.ñl .%ka:hla njhs' ukao h;a tys lreKq
f.dkq lr we;af;a úoHd;aul f;aud hgf;a fkdj wd.ñl f;audjka hgf;ah' tfia jQjo tys
wo wm okakd iEu úoHd fCIa;%hla ms<sn|ju úoHdj lshd hula ìysjkakgo u;af;ka b;d
ksjerosj meyeos,s lr we;s wdldrh fnfyúkau Ñ;a;dl¾YKSh iy mqÿu iy.; jQjls'
úoHdj hkq wm iEu okakd mßos ks;sm;d tlajk kj oekqu fya;=fjka osfkka osk
ixfYdaOkhkag ,lajk yd oshqKqjg m;ajk úIh fCIa;%hls' th wm jkdka;r j,ska .yK jQ
osjhskl w¿;ska t,sfmfy,s lr bosjQ l=vd ckdjdihlg Wmud l<fyd;a tu ckdjdihg ^tkï
úoHdjg& uq¿ osjhsku ckdjdi N+ñhla f,i l< t,s lr .ekSug ;j;a ld,hla .;jkq we;'
tfiau ckdjdifha mosxÑ lrejka th fkdi,ld yßkafka kï th t;ekskau k;rùug fyda
ckdjdihu úkdY ù j,aìysù hkakgo ms,sjk' úoHdj tn÷h' ta ish,a,u isÿjkafka
foúhkaf.a leue;a;g wkql+,jh' wo wm okakd kQ;k úoHdjg wkQl+,j l=¾wdkfha tk foaj
jokaj,ska 80] l ;rï jQ úYd, m%udKhla 100] lau ksjeros hehs oekgu;a Tmamq ù
yudrh' bka b;sß 20] o wkd.;fhaoS úoHdfõ we;súh yels kj oshqKqj fya;=fjka ksrjoH
f,i Tmamq lsÍug ñksidg yelsùfï iïNdú;djh fnfyúkau úYd,h' b|ska ;j ÿrg;a wm w÷f¾
.,S fkdisg bia,dufha wdf,dalh ,nd foaj wdYs¾jdoh ,nd.ekSug miqng fkdúh hq;=h'
l=¾wdkh ms<sn|j Tng hï ielhla fõ kï" tys w,a,dya úiska bosßm;a lr we;s
wNsfhda.hkag uqyqKoSug W;aidy oeßh hq;= fõ' Y=oaO jQ l=¾wdkfha 11 jk mßÉfPaofha
13 jeks j.ka;sfhaoS thg ^l=¾wdkhg& iudk mßÉfPao 10 la ks¾udKh lrkakehs w,a,dya
Tng wNsfhda. lrk w;r 10 jeks mßÉfPaofha ^38 jk j.ka;sh& Tng yels kï tla iQrdjla
^mßÉfPaohla& ks¾udKh lrkakehs mjik w;r 2 jeks mßÉfPaofhaoS 23 jk iy 24 jk
j.ka;Skaf.ka hï whqrlska fyda l=¾wKhg iei|sh yels mßÉfPaohla ksujkakehs wNsfhda.
lr;s' ;jo 4 jeks mßÉfPaofha 82 jeks j.ka;sfhka l=¾wdkh ;=<u tk tlsfklg mgyeKsjQ
lreKla fmkajd fok f,i w,a,dya Tng wNsfhda. lrhs' w;s ohdkaú; jQ w,a,dya úiska
Tng wNsfhda.h l%u l%ufhka ,sys,a lr oS we;;a fï wNsfhda.h ch.ekSug fuf;la
lsisfjl= iu;a ù ke;' wkd.;fhaoS o th tfiau jkq we;'
wkH ,íêlhsks( wms Tng l=¾wdkh wkaO Nla;shlska ms<s.kakehs lsisúfgl;a fkdmjiuq'
tkuqÿ wms Tng tla wdhdpkhla lrkafkuq' tkï Tn ;=< jQ lsishï wkaO úYajdihka fyda
ñ;Hd u;jdohka mokï lrf.k l=¾wdKh bj;,Sfuka Tn je,lS isáh hq;=h' oekqu
fidhdf.dia" I;H jgydf.k ksis wmCImd;s ;SrKhlg t<öug Tn ksr;=reju W;aidy .;
hq;=h' Tn Tfí ;SrKfhys úksYaphlre jkafkysh' tkuqÿ urKska u;= Tn ta ms<sn|j
foúhka bosßfha j.lsj hq;= fõ'
úoHd;aul oshqKqj yd ñksidf.a wOHd;añl oshqKqj tlsfklg m%Óf,dauj iudkqmd;sl;djhla
úoyd olajk woj;a hq.fhl wd.ï ms<sn|j ñksia wei fhdujkqfha b;d l,d;=rlsks' tfia
jQjo ´kEu —wfoaj jdosfhl=˜ tfia;a fkdue;s kï ish cSú; ld,h uq¿,af,ysu lsisÿ
wd.ula fkdweoyQ mqoa.,fhl= jQjo ;ud hï úm;lg m;a jQ fudfyd;l ksrka;rfhkau
Tjqkaf.a ukeig yd uqjÕg kef.kqfha —foaj Wmldr wheoSu˜ fkdjkafkyso@ fuhska
meyeos,s jkafka iEu ñksfil=u ;u cSú; ld,h ;=<oS lsishï wjia:djl foúhka ms<sn|
úYajdihlg t<fUk njhs' tfia kï f,dj kka foi úisÍ me;sß we;s úúO wd.ï" o¾YK
ms<sn|j ksis wOHhkhl ksr; ù i;H wd.u l=ulaoehs jgyd .ekSu;a" foúhka ms<sn|j ksis
wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu;a" ñksi;a nj ,nd fuf,dj Wmka iEu ukqIHfhl= fj;gu mejÍ we;s
Ndrÿr j.lSuls' ffjoH fudßia nqffL,a úiska isÿlrk ,o tn÷ wOHhkhl idrdxYhla fuu
fmd; u.ska Tn fj; bosßm;a flf¾' ohdnr mdGlfhks" Tn fï fmd; yqfola lshjd iEySulg
m;a fkdù iafjda;aidyfhka jeäÿr wOHhkhkays ksr; ù ksisuÕg wj;S¾K jkafka kï ta
wfma wruqKq idlaId;a ùuls'
wf;drla fkdue;sj f,dj isõos.ska ks;sm;d wm ijk; jeflk —hqOìh" wiu.sh yd úkdYh˜
ms<sn|j u|lg fyda Tn Tfí is; fhduq lr ne¨fjyso@ fï ish,a,gu fya;=jQfha l=ulao@
ta wka lsisjla fkdj ñksid ksid wd.ñl wOHdmk l%uhkaf.ka bj;aj hdfï m%;sM,hls'
b;ska iduh w.hk ifydaor ifydaoßhks" Tn ;ju;a mud jQjd jeä ke;' l,a blauhdug fmr
Tfnka Tng;a" f,djg;a bgqúh hq;= hq;=lï bgq lsÍfuys kshef,kakæ Tng ta i|yd
w,a,dyaf.a wdYs¾jdoh ,efíjd'
wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;=
l=¾wdkSh j.ka;s lsysmhla'''''
1- l=¾wdkh foaj jokls hkakg l=¾wdkfhkau idOl
2- l=¾wdkh foaj jokla nj fkdms<s.;a;jqka i|yd wNsfhda.
-
mßÉfPao wxl 52-
34 jelsh
-
mßÉfPao wxl 11-
13
-
mßÉfPao wxl 10-
38
-
mßÉfPao wxl 2-
23" 24
-
mßÉfPao wxl 4-
82
3- ;drld úoHdj
-
mßÉfPao wxl 21-
30 jelsh
-
mßÉfPao wxl 31-
29
-
mßÉfPao wxl 39-
5
-
mßÉfPao wxl 41-
11
-
mßÉfPao wxl 25-
61
-
mßÉfPao wxl 79-
30
-
mßÉfPao wxl 86-
3
-
mßÉfPao wxl 21-
33
-
mßÉfPao wxl 36-
40" 38
-
mßÉfPao wxl 13-
2
-
mßÉfPao wxl 35-
13
-
mßÉfPao wxl 51-
47
4-
fN!;sl úoHdj (Physics)
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 34- 3
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 10- 61
5- N+f.da, úoHdj yd c, úoHdj (Geography
& Hydrology)
6- N+ .¾N úoHdj (Geology)
7- iuqø
úoHdj (Oceanology)
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 25- 53
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 55- 19"20
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 24- 40
8- cSj
úoHdj (Biology) i;a;aj úoHdj
(Zoology)
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 21- 30
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 24- 45
-
mßÉfPao
wxl 25- 54
-
mßÉfPao wxl 6-
38
-
mßÉfPao wxl 16-
79
-
mßÉfPao wxl 67-
19
-
mßÉfPao wxl 16-
68" 69
-
mßÉfPao wxl 29-
41
-
mßÉfPao wxl 27-
17" 18
Woayso úoHdj
(Botany)
-
mßÉfPao wxl 20-
53
-
mßÉfPao wxl 13-
3
9- ffjoH úoHdj
(Medicine)
10- ldhsl
úoHdj (physiology)
-
mßÉfPao wxl 23-
21
-
mßÉfPao wxl 16-
66
-
mßÉfPao wxl 75-
3" 4
11- l<, úoHdj
- (Embryology)
12- cdk
;dCIKh$m%fõKs úoHdj - (Genetics)
-
mßÉfPao wxl 53-
45" 46
-
mßÉfPao wxl 75-
37" 39
-
mßÉfPao wxl 23-
12" 14
-
mßÉfPao wxl 22-
5
-
mßÉfPao wxl 40-
67
-
mßÉfPao wxl 75-
38
-
mßÉfPao wxl 80-
19" 20
-
mßÉfPao wxl 96-
5
-
mßÉfPao wxl 32-
9
-
mßÉfPao wxl 76-
2
wdpd¾h fudßia nqffL,a
m%xY ffjoH úoHd welvñh
mßj¾;kh( kcaud fmf¾rd
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