|
l%s'j' 570 ijqoS wrdìfha ulaldys Wm; ,o
uqyïuoa kì ^i,a& ;=ud l=vd wjosh mgka i;Hh yd wjxl jQ;a W;=ï .=Kdx. j,ska fyì
jQ;a mqoa.,fhl= úh' bírdySï ^wff,& ;=ud foiqjdla fuka fu;=ud o tlu foúhka
ms<sn|j;a Tyqf.a ueùï ms<sn|j;a foaYkd l<y' w,al=¾wdkh mdol lr.ksñka t;=udf.a
wkq.dñlhka oekqu bosßhg f.k hEfï l¾;jHhg kj cSjhla ÿkay' Tjqyq bia,dóh
YsIaGdpdrh ;=<ska .%Sl {dkfhys iEu wxYhlu Wreulaldrhska njg m;ajQy' uqia,sïjre
fkdisákakg .%Sl oekqu ioygu bkau;= wd mrmqrg fkd,eî hdug ;snqKs' fuu odhdoh
f,dj ieug ,efnk fia Tjqyq tajd tl;= fldg wdrCId l<y' miqj tajd wOHhkh lr ;j;a
jeä oshqKq lrñka f,dj úoHd m%.;shg uÕ mE¥y' brdkh" brdlh" iamd[a[h" Bcsma;=j"
isßhdj f,i oeka ye|skafjk rgj,a f,djg oekqu me;srùfï uOHia:dk úK'
fndfydauhla hqfrdamSh cd;Ska w÷re hq.hl (Dark Ages)
isák úg uOH ld,Sk tu hq.fha uqia,sïjre wOHdmkslj yd ;dlaIKslj Wiia uÜugl
isàhy' bia,dóh md,lhka ;u rgj,a oekqu f,djg me;srùfï uOHia:dkh njg m;a l<y'
jir oyila muK mej;s tu iduldó jd;djrKh hgf;a ls%ia;shdks" hqfoõ we;=¿ iEu
cd;Skagu oekqu ßisfia ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj ,ndÿkafkah' wrdì .%ka: ish,a, wfkl=;a
NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh l<y' 5 jk 15 jk Y; j¾I w;r ld,h ;=< uqia,sï úoHd{hska úoHd
f,dfõ m%uqLhka jQy'
fuu ;;a;ajh fkdßiaiq wOuhska wd.ñl igkla osh;a l<y' ish¨u wrdì .%ka: tla /ia
l< Tjqyq iamd[a{fha .%ekvd k.rfha lkaola fuka f.dv.id .sksn;a lr oeuQy' ta
weiqf¾ isá fldaá 3 la muK uqia,sïjreka lDDr f,i >d;kh flßKs' fuu brKuu
wkao¨ishd k.rhg;a w;aúK' óg l<skau brdlfha ne.aveâ k.rfha ish¨ wrdì .%ka:
ghs.%ia koshg oud úkdY lr ;sìK' osk .Kkdjla ;siafia ghs.%ia kosh ;Ska; ksid l¿
mdáka .,d.sh nj b;sydifha i|yka fõ' uE;loS mjd brdlh wdl%uKh l<jqka ft;sydisl
,sms f,aLk rdYshla ;ekam;a lr ;snQ cd;sl mqia;ld,h jkid oeuQ nj i|yka lrkq já'
tmuKla fkdj lDDr ñksia >d;kh o f,a msmdis; wOuhskaf.a ffoksl cSú;fha wxYhka
njg m;aj ;sìK'
bia,dï oyug tfrys wd.ñl hqoaOh foaYfhka foaYh .s, .ksñkao" f,dj ckhd ;j ;j;a
ÿmam;aNdjhg m;alrñkao f,djg úYd, mdvqjla yd widOdrKhla isÿlrñka o f,dj mqrd
NSIKh m;=rejñka o bosßhg weoS .sfhah'
tod f,djg oekqu fnod ÿka" fY%aIaG YsIaGdpdrhla ysñ brdlh f,djg odhdo l<
fY%aIaG úoHd{fhl= ms<sn| f;dr;=re ì|la fuysoS wm bosßm;a lruq'
ls%'j' 965 ys brdlfha niardys Wm; ,o wnQ w,s yika bíkq w,a yhs;ï iqm%lg fN!;sl
úoHd{fhls' m%ldY úoHdj iy úoHd;aul l%uh i|yd jQ Tyqf.a odhl;ajh úYsIaG úh'
ngysr f,dfõ Tyqj ye|skafjkafka —w,a yfika˜ kñks' Tyq .Ks;{fhl= fukau
bxcsfkarefjl= f,i o lS¾;sh oeÍh' niardj,;a" ne.aveâ j,;a bf.k.;a miqj
Bcsma;=jg meñKsfhah' tys oS l,S*d ^md,l& w,a-ylSï khs,a kosh msgdr .e,Su
je<elaùu i|yd uÕla fiùfï ld¾hh Tyq fj; mejÍh'
tu ld¾hh wid¾:l jQ ksid rcq Tyq iuÕ WrKj ksjdi wviaisfha /|úh' l,S*d ^md,l&
w,a-ylSïf.a úfhdaj olajdu tys /|S isá Tyq wdf,dalh ms<sn|j fndfyda m¾fhaIK isÿ
lf<ah' bka miq Tyq lhsfrdays wiay¾ uiacsoh wi, w¾O f.da,dldr jy,hla iys; l=vd
ksjil mosxÑ úh' tys oS .Ks;h ms<sn| l;=jrfhl= f,i;a .=rejrfhl= f,i;a ;u lghq;=
werôh' fmd;a mßj¾;kfha o kshe¨fKah' hqla,sâf.a "Elements"
iy fgd,ñf.a "Almagest" tajd w;=ßka lSmhls'
mßj¾;k j,g muKla ;u lghq;= iSud fkdl< bíkq yhs;ï m%ldY úoHdj" ;drld úoHdj" iy
.Ks;h ms<sn|j fmd;la o ,súh' úúO uQ,dY% j,ska fmdaIKh jQ tajd w;sYh M,odhS úh'
fN!;sl úoHdj" .Ks;h yd o¾Yk úoHdj ms<sn|j wrdì niska fmd;a 200 la muK Tyq
úiska ,shk ,oS' weßiafgdag,af.a od¾Yksl .%ka:" .e,kaf.a ffjoH .%ka: we;=¿j
hqla,sâ" wemf,dakshia" wdlsñãia wdoSkaf.a .eg¿ ms<sn|j tu .%ka:j, idlÉPd flßK'
fj¿ï 7 lska hqla; úia;rd;aul —ls;dí w,a-ukdis¾˜ kï jQ m%ldY úoHdj ms<sn|
.%ka:h bíkq yhs;ïf.a ks¾udK w;=ßka jeo.;au tlla úh' Tyqf.a m¾fhaIK yd ta
iïnkaO ish¨ úia;r tys wvx.= úh' .eUqre f,i úoHd;aul l%uh Wmfhda.S fldg f.k
,shQ fuu .%ka:h uOHld,Sk hq.fha Ñka;khka ish,a,u jdf.a wka;¾.; úh' oDIaÀh
ms<sn|j mQ¾K yd meyeos,s jdohla cHdñ;h yd ldhsl úoHdj Wmfhda.S fldg meyeos,s
flf¾' jia;=jla weig fmfkkafka lsrKhla wefika ksl=;a ù jia;=j u; m;s; ùu
fya;=fjka nj mjik hqla,sâ yd fgd,ñf.a jdoh m%;sfCIam l< bíkq yhs;ï
mÍlaIKd;aulj th jeros nj Tmamq lf<ah'
bíkq yhs;ï bosßm;a l< ;¾lh jQfha wdf,dalh we;s fmfoil we;s ,CIHhla fyda
jia;=jla iEu osYdjlgu wdf,dalh úysÿjk w;r tu lsrK wei ;=<g iïfm%aIKh ùfuka
oelSu we;sjk njhs' .eUqre jQ;a fN!;sl úoHdfõ wkd.; j¾Okh i|yd uÕ mE¥ Tyqf.a
fidhd .ekSï ksid fcdaca idgka kï wefußldkq b;sydi{hd Tyqj ye|skajQfha —fY%aIaG
uqia,sï fN!;sl úoHd{hd iy m%ldY úoHd b;sydifha fY%aIaG;u YsIHhd˜ hkqfjks'
úúO udOH ;=<ska wdf,dalh iïfm%aIKh ms<sn|j wOHhkh l< Tyq j¾;kh ms<sn| kshu
fidhd .;af;ah' kuq;a tys f.!rjh wo ysñjkafka iafk,a kï úoHd{hdghs' tu kshu
—iafk,a kshu˜ wo m%lgh' wdf,dalh úúO j¾Kj,ska ixhqla; nj;a tu j¾K wmlsrKh ùu
ms<sn|j;a Tyq fidhd .;af;ah' wdf,dalh iïnkaO fijke,s" .%yKhka" foaÿkq wdoS
fndfyda fN!;sl ixisoaê ms<sn| oS¾> úia;r bosßm;a l< w;r wdf,dalfha fN!;sl
iajNdjh ms<sn|j Wm.%yK bosßm;a lf<ah'
;ud cSj;a jQ ksji w÷re fldg msg; isg l=vd isÿrlska wdf,dalh meñKSug i,iajd
leurdj ms<sn|j uq,au m¾fhaIK isÿ lf<a bíkq yhs;ïh' fuh
"Camera Obscura" kñka ye|skafõ' wefiys úúO fldgia yd oDIaÀh ms<sn|j
úoHd;aul meyeos<s lsÍula uq,a jrg úia;rd;aulj bosßm;a lf<a bíkq yhs;ïh'
CIs;scfha oS iQ¾hhd yd pkaøhd ;rñka úYd,j fmkSu ms<sn|j b;du ksjeros f,i
meyeos,s l< Tyq fofk;s (Binocular) oDIaÀh ms<sn|j
idlÉPd fldg ;snqKs'
m%ldY úoHdj ms<sn| úialsrK f,i m¾fhaIKj, fhoS fidhd .ekSï fndfydauhla lr kùk
fN!;sl úoHdfõ oshqKqjg uÕ mE¥ fyhska bíkq yhs;ï —kùk m%ldY úoHdfõ mshd˜ hk
úreodj,s kduh ,nd isá' ngysrfhys úoHd;aul m%.;shg —ls;dí w,a ukdis¾˜ .%ka:h
úYd, n,mEula we;s lf<ah' frdac¾ fílka iy flma,¾ fukau ksõgkaf.a wOHhkhka i|yd
tu .%ka:fha ,;ska mßj¾;kh buy;a msgqjy,la úh' tu.ska m¾fhaIK l%uj, o úYd,
oshqKqjla we;s úh'
f.da,Sh iy mrdj,hsl o¾mK iy f.da,Sh wfmarKh ms<sn|j o Tyq m¾fhaIK isÿ fldg
we;' ldpj, úYd,u n,h ms<sn|j;a mÍlaIK isÿ lf<ah' Tyqf.a —óidka w,a-yslaud˜ kï
.%ka:fha jdhqf.da,fha >k;ajh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lrk w;r jdhqf.da,fha Wi iuÕ we;s
iïnkaO;dj f.dv ke.Sh' jdhqf.da,h ;=<ska wdf,dal j¾;kh ms<sn|j o úia;r bosßm;a
lrhs' ysre Wodjk yd nisk fudfydf;a wyfia j¾K ms<sn|j úia;r lrk Tyq ysre
CIs;schg 19Ÿ la my<ska isák úgo tfia osiaùu weröu fyda kej;Su isÿjk nj
fidhdf.k ;snqKs' tu.ska jdhqf.da,fha Wi ie;mqï 55la nj olajhs' ;jo tu .%ka:fha
Tyq ialkaO w;r wdl¾IK n,h ms<sn|j o idlÉPd lrhs' .=re;ajc;ajrKh ms<sn|j o Tyq
oek isá nj bka jegfya'
.Ks;h yd fN!;sl úoHd fCIa;%fha bíkq yhs;ïf.a odhl;ajh fY%aIaGh' úc .Ks;h yd
cHdñ;h iïnkaO fldg úYaf,aI cHdñ;sh oshqKq lf<ah' p,s;h ms<sn|j wOHhkh l< Tyq
ndysr n,hla fhfok;dla l,a jia;=jla taldldrj .uka lsÍu fyda ksYap,j ;sfnk nj;a
ndysr n,hla fhÿKq úg th kej;Su fyda p,s;fha fjkila isÿjk nj lSh' fuh p,s;h
ms<sn|j m<uq kshuhg fndfyda ÿrg iudk fõ'
200 la jQ Tyqf.a wrdì .%ka: j,ska lSmhla muKla wdrCId ù we;' tkuqÿ Tyqf.a
Ydia;%Sh f,aLkj, ,;ska mßj¾;k fndfydauhla wrlaIs;j mj;S' úYajh ms<sn|j fndfyda
.%ka: uOH ld,Sk hq.fha ,;ska ysírE yd wfkl=;a NdIdj,g mßj¾;kh flßK'
Tyqf.a .%ka:j, iqúfYaI;ajh kï úoHd;aul l%uh meyeos,sj wdfoaY lsÍuhs' fN!;sl
ixisoaê l%udkql+,j ksÍlaIKh fldg úoHd;aul jdohla f.dv ke.Su Tyq w;ska isÿúh'
fuh úoHd;aul úê l%ufha ixisoaêhla úh' ksÍCIKh" Wm l,amkh ;yjqre lsÍu hk uQ,sl
wxY l%uj;a f,i iïnkaO fldg iaÒr mokula u; úoHd;aul wkafõYk isÿ lf<ah' fmdÿfõ
fN!;sl úoHdjg;a" úfYaIfhka m%ldY úoHdjg;a bíkq yhs;ï l< fiajh úYsIaGh' tu.ska
m%ldY úoH fCIa;%fha kHdhhsl yd m%dfhda.sl wxY 2 g kj hq.hl fodr újD; úh' l%s'j
1040 oS Tyq fuf,dúka úfhda úh'
fla' kdmdj, B.Sc.
fodayd - lgd¾'
m%fndaOh' |
